The conservative Academie Francaise, which polices the language and has long resisted change, said it had no objection to the feminisation fo job titles AFP/File |
Paris (AFP) - The official guardians of the French language ended centuries of male linguistic dominance Thursday by allowing feminine words for all professions.
The
notoriously conservative Academie Francaise, which polices the language and has
long resisted change, said there was now "no obstacle in principle"
to the wholesale feminisation of job titles.
French
women doctors could soon be referred to as "docteures" and teachers
as "professeures" in its official dictionary, which currently lists
"presidente" as the wife of a head of state rather than a female
leader of a country.
Despite
more than half a century of feminism, the language of French working life has
remained resolutely male.
Most jobs
titles are automatically masculine, apart from a few notable exceptions such as
nurse and child-minder.
The
male-dominated Academie had previously fiercely opposed change, branding
attempts at "inclusive writing" in government documents as an
"aberration" that put French "in mortal danger".
And it
found a powerful ally in Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, a sometime novelist
who has called for a clampdown on bids to make French more female-friendly.
He insisted
last year that the "masculine (form) is a neutral form which should be
used for terms liable to apply to women".
But in a
historic about-turn Thursday the male-dominated Academie, whose mostly elderly
members wear an ornate uniform and sword, approved a report advocating change
compiled by three of its four active female members.
One,
novelist Dominique Bona, had pointedly complained that it was no accident that
the masculine was "chosen as the dominant gender" in French.
'The
dominant gender'
The
"Immortals", as they are known, had been expected to cogitate for at
least a week on the vexed issue but instead waved the report through by "a
large majority" in a matter of hours.
"The
Academie considers that all developments in the language aimed at recognising
the place women have in society today can be envisaged," it declared.
It also
opened the door to a more organic usage by saying that it "did not wish to
dictate the rules by which titles should be feminised", saying it would be
an "insurmountable task".
It said the
debate about the use of the -eure ending in docteure, for example, "does
not constitute a threat to the structure of the language as long as the final
'e' was not pronounced".
Writer and
academy member Frederic Vitoux, who heads the Commission for the Enrichment of
the French Language, said before the decision that he believed the reform would
pass.
"For
some professions it is simple," he said. "We have never had to asked
ourselves should we be able to say 'actress'. But for others professions there
are objective difficulties, because they cause confusion or don't work with the
root of the word.
"How,
for example, can we say a female doctor (medecin in French) without confusing
it with 'medecine' (the science of medicine)?" Vitoux asked.
However,
French speakers in neighbouring Belgium and Switzerland have long ago found
ways around the problems.
The
official language body in French-speaking Canada ruled on the issue in 1979,
urging feminisation wherever possible. A female doctor there can be called
"une medecin" or "une docteure".
'Implicitly sexist'
Although
French people have feminised professions informally for years, the end of the
long official block comes as attempts to bring gender-neutral "inclusive
writing" to state documents has sparked impassioned debate.
As it
stands, a mixed-gender group of readers, for example, will always be masculine
as long as there is one man in the room.
Campaigners
for "inclusive writing" -- who believe the language is implicitly
sexist -- say in these situations the French word for readers,
"lecteurs", should be written as "lecteur.rice.s".
But
inserting full stops into words has horrified the purists and been sent up by
others as complicated and confusing.
In 2015,
France's High Council for Equality Between Women and Men issued a guide urging
public bodies to use feminine forms for jobs like "firefighter" and
"author" where applicable.
Some
critics such as philosopher Raphael Enthoven object to what they see as
France's prescriptive approach to the language, which is spoken by some 275
million people worldwide.
They say
usage should be allowed to evolve naturally over time.
As well as
pronouncing on what is and is not permissible French, the Academie Francaise
compiles the country's official dictionary.
However,
its ability to perform the task has been called into question, with critics
pointing out that its membership of 35 does not include a single linguist.