guardian.co.uk,
Tuesday 11 October 2011
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| The 100 largest groups registered on the London Stock Exchange have more than 34,000 subsidiaries and joint ventures between them. Photograph: Andy Rain/EPA |
The extent
to which FTSE 100 companies use tax havens for their operations is revealed in a database of their subsidiaries compiled for the first time by the development
charity ActionAid.
The 100
largest groups registered on the London Stock Exchange have more than 34,000
subsidiaries and joint ventures between them. A quarter of these, over 8,000,
are located in jurisdictions that offer low tax rates or require limited
disclosure to other tax authorities.
UK
companies are required by law to report a list of their subsidiary companies
together with their country of registration to Companies House. However, many
of the FTSE 100 have failed to do so in the past. Disclosure of the full list by
all 100 groups is the result of a formal complaint made by ActionAid to
Companies House and a subsequent investigation by the business secretary, Vince
Cable.
It is the
first time a comprehensive list of subsidiaries has been collected. There are
several legitimate reasons for multinational companies to have subsidiaries in
countries around the world, but the extent to which the largest UK-listed
companies' business is conducted offshore in jurisdictions classed as tax
havens has been seized upon by campaigners calling for a clampdown on corporate
tax avoidance.
ActionAid
has analysed the list according to the definition of tax havens and secrecy
jurisdictions compiled by the government accountability office of the US Congress, including in addition the US state of Delaware and the Netherlands,
which are not on the GAO list but are acknowledged to offer tax and minimal
disclosure advantages to foreign companies. By this measure, it emerges that 98
of the FTSE 100 companies use tax havens, with only Fresnillo, a Mexican-based
mining company, and Hargreaves Lansdown, a Bristol-based financial services
group, declaring no offshore subsidiaries.
Martin
Hearson, a tax policy expert at ActionAid, said: "When companies use tax
havens to dodge taxes, ordinary people in developing countries and the UK lose
out. Our research today lays bare the extent to which the use of tax havens is
rife among Britain's biggest multinationals, who have serious questions to
answer."
The banking
sector has the largest number of tax haven companies, with the big four UK
banks – HSBC, Royal Bank of Scotland, Barclays and Lloyds – having a total of
1,649 offshore subsidiaries. They have the largest number of companies
registered in the Cayman Islands, with Barclays alone registering 174
subsidiaries and ventures there. HSBC has 156 subsidiaries in Delaware, which
has limited reporting requirements, compared to 97 in the rest of the USA.
Lloyds Group has 97 companies in the Channel Islands.
The
advertising and communications group WPP, which moved its tax domicile to the
low-tax regime of Ireland, has 611 subsidiary companies based in tax havens.
The banks
point out that they are global businesses with local operations in dozens of
countries including jurisdictions that happen to be on the list of tax havens,
and that that in itself is not evidence of tax avoidance. A spokesman for HSBC
said the bank did not use artificial tax planning structures or transactions to
avoid tax, and was a top-five UK taxpayer paying £6bn in UK taxes in last six
years.
Barclays
attributed its large number of Caymans companies to the legacy of its
acquisition of Walbrook and said it was working to reduce the number. It too
pointed out that there were many reasons other than tax planning for companies
to have subsidiaries offshore, such as the ease of incorporation or speed with
which capital could be moved.
A Barclays
spokesman said: "All foreign subsidiaries are included in returns to HMRC
either because they are UK tax resident and file UK tax returns or because they
are listed on returns giving information on income earned that may be subject
to UK tax under what is referred to as the controlled foreign company
legislation."
Lloyds
Banking declined to comment. A Guardian investigation revealed that RBS operated
complex international tax avoidance schemes during its boom years, but it said
it would put an end to these when it accepted a government bailout. Many of its
tax haven subsidiaries appear to relate to these previous transactions running
their contractual course. An RBS spokesman said of the company today: "We
are a signatory to the UK tax code of practice and adhere to the spirit as well
as the letter of the law."
Tax justice
campaigners accused the banking sector of bypassing regulation through offshore
subsidiaries. "Banks use tax havens extensively not just to avoid tax and
to help their private banking clients, but also to avoid regulation by
mainstream financial centres, which is the attraction of creating shadow banks
in offshore centres like Cayman, Jersey and Luxembourg," said John
Christensen, director of the Tax Justice Network.
The former
Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesman Matthew Oakeshott called on non-executive
directors, shareholders and employees to put pressure on their companies to
reveal subsidiaries that have no commercial rationale other than secrecy or tax
dodging. "The Treasury must insist on full disclosure on RBS and Lloyds'
use of tax havens to ensure they are not cheating their owners, British
taxpayers," he said.
WPP moved its tax residence from the UK to Ireland in 2008, saying it would help to
reduce its overall tax rate. It has indicated that it is ready to return to the
UK for tax purposes in 2013 if proposals in George Osborne's budget this year
to relax the rules on taxing foreign subsidiaries are enacted. The Treasury
acknowledges the reform could see UK tax receipts fall but argues that it will
keep the UK competitive as a home for global corporations.
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